Sir Joseph Paxton (3 August 1803 – 8 June 1865) was an English gardener and architect, best known for designing The Crystal Palace.
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Paxton was born in 1803, the seventh son of a farming family, at Milton Bryan, Bedfordshire. Some references, incorrectly, list his birth year as 1801. This is, as he admitted in later life, a result of misinformation he provided in his teens, which enabled him to enrol at Chiswick Gardens.
He became a garden boy at the age of fifteen for Sir Gregory Osborne Page-Turner at Battlesden Park, near Woburn. After several moves, he obtained a position in 1823 at the Horticultural Society's Chiswick Gardens. These were close to the gardens of William Cavendish, 6th Duke of Devonshire at Chiswick House. The Duke frequently met the young gardener as he strolled in his gardens and became impressed with his skill and enthusiasm. The Duke offered the 20-year-old Paxton the position of Head Gardener at Chatsworth, which was considered one of the finest landscaped gardens of the time.
Although the Duke was in Russia at the time, Paxton set off for Chatsworth on the Chesterfield coach immediately, arriving at Chatsworth at half past four in the morning. By his own account he had explored the gardens, scaling the kitchen garden wall in the process, and set the staff to work, then ate breakfast with the housekeeper and met his future wife, Sarah Bown, the housekeeper's niece, as he later put it, completing his first morning's work before nine o'clock. They married in 1827,[2] and she proved to be supremely capable of managing his affairs, leaving him free to pursue his ideas.
He enjoyed a very friendly relationship with his employer who recognised his diverse talents and facilitated his rise to prominence.
One of his first projects was to redesign the garden around the new north wing of the house and set up a 'pinetum', a collection of conifers which developed into a 40-acre (160,000 m2) arboretum which still exists. In the process he became skilled in moving even mature trees. The largest, weighing about eight tons, was moved from Kedleston Road in Derby. Among several other large projects at Chatsworth, such as the Rock Garden, the Emperor Fountain and the rebuilding of Edensor village, he is best remembered for his glass houses.
While at Chatsworth Gardens, he built enormous fountains - The Emperor Fountain in 1844[3] twice the height of Nelson's Column, this required the creation of the Emperor Lake on the hill top above the gardens, this required the excavation of 100,000 cubic yards of earth[4] - as well as an arboretum, in 1848 he created the conservative wall,[5] a glass house 331 ft (101 m) feet long by 7 feet wide and 1838-42 Edensor model village. In 1837 he secured a cutting of a new waterlily found in Guyana, and designed a heated pool that enabled him to breed the lily successfully: within three months its leaves were almost twelve feet wide.
However, the waterlily was too big for any normal conservatory. Inspired by the huge leaves of the waterlily - 'a natural feat of engineering' - and tested by floating his daughter Annie on one leaf, he found the structure for his conservatory. The secret was in the rigidity provided by the radiating ribs connecting with flexible cross-ribs. Constant experimentation over a number of years led him to devise his glasshouse design that inspired the Crystal Palace.
With a cheap and light wooden frame, the conservatory design had a ridge-and-furrow roof to let in more light and drain rainwater away. Paxton used hollow pillars to double up as drain pipes and designed a special rafter that also acted as an internal and external gutter. All of these elements were pre-fabricated and, like modular buildings, could be produced in vast numbers and assembled into buildings of varied design.
In 1832, Paxton developed an interest in green houses at Chatsworth where he designed a series of buildings with "forcing frames" for espalier trees. Generally considered a landscape gardener, Paxton's superiority in conservatory design earned him recognition as an innovative architect. His position in the House of Commons as Member of Parliament for Coventry allowed Paxton to dedicate his later years to urban planning projects.
At the time the principles of using glass houses was in its infancy and those at Chatsworth were dilapidated. After some experimentation, he designed a ridge and furrow roof which would be at right angles to the morning and evening sun, with an ingenious frame design which would admit maximum light - the forerunner of the modern greenhouse.
In 1837, Paxton started the Great Conservatory or Stove, a huge cast-iron heated glasshouse. At the time, the Conservatory was the largest glass building in the world. The largest sheet glass available at that time, that by Robert Chance, was three feet long. Chance managed to produce four foot sheets for Paxton's benefit. It was heated by eight boilers using seven miles (11 km) of iron pipe and cost over £30,000. There was a central carriageway and when the Queen was driven through, it was lit with twelve thousand lamps. However, it was prohibitively expensive to maintain, and was not heated during the First World War. The plants died and it was demolished in the 1920s.
The next great building at Chatsworth came about from the first seeds of the Victoria Regia lily which had been sent to Kew from the Amazon in 1836. Although these had grown, they had not flowered and in 1849 one seedling was given to Paxton to try out at Chatsworth. He entrusted the seedling to Eduard Ortgies, a young gardener at Chatsworth and within two months the leaves were four and a half feet in diameter, and a month later it flowered. It continued growing and it became necessary to build a much larger house, the Victoria Regia House, the design of which was inspired by the lily itself.
The Great Conservatory was the test-bed for the prefabricated glass and iron structural techniques which Paxton pioneered and would employ for his masterpiece: The Crystal Palace of the Great Exhibition of 1851. These techniques were made physically possible by recent technological advances in the manufacture of both glass and cast iron, and financially possible by the dropping of a tax on glass.
In 1850 the Royal Commission appointed to organise the Great Exhibition were in a quandary. An international competition for a building to house had produced 245 designs, of which only two were remotely suitable, and all would take too long to build and would be too permanent. There was an outcry by the public and in Parliament against the desecration of Hyde Park.
Paxton was visiting London in his capacity as a director of the Midland Railway to meet the chairman John Ellis who was also a Member of Parliament. He happened to mention an idea he had for the hall, and Ellis promptly encouraged to produce some plans, provided they could be ready in nine days. Unfortunately he was committed for the next few days, but at a board meeting of the railway in Derby, it is said he appeared to be spending much of his time doodling on a sheet of blotting paper. At the end of the meeting he held up his first sketch of the Crystal Palace, very much inspired by the Victoria Regia House. The sketch is now in the Victoria and Albert Museum.
He completed the plans and presented them to the Commission, but there was opposition from some members, since another design was well into its planning stage. Paxton decided to by-pass the Commission and published the design in the Illustrated London News to universal acclaim.
Its novelty was its revolutionary modular, prefabricated design, and use of glass. Glazing was carried out from special trolleys, and was fast: one man managed to fix 108 panes in a single day. The Palace was 1,848 feet long, 408 feet (124 m) wide and 108 feet (33 m) high. It required 4,500 tons of iron, 60,000 cubic feet of timber and needed over 293,000 panes of glass. Yet it took 2,000 men just eight months to build, and cost just £79,800. Quite unlike any other building, it was itself a demonstration of British technology in iron and glass. In its construction, Paxton was assisted by Charles Fox, also of Derby for the iron framework, and William Cubitt Chairman of the Building Committee. All three were knighted. After the exhibition they were employed by the Crystal Palace Company to move it to Sydenham where it was destroyed in 1936 by a fire.
Although he remained the Head Gardener at Chatsworth, the Duke allowed him to undertake outside work - like the Crystal Palace and his directorship of the Midland Railway. He worked on public parks in Liverpool, Birkenhead, Glasgow, Halifax and the grounds of the Spa Buildings at Scarborough.
In 1850 Paxton was commissioned by Baron Mayer de Rothschild to design Mentmore Towers in Buckinghamshire. This was to be one of the greatest country houses built during the Victorian Era. Following the completion of Mentmore, Baron James de Rothschild, one of Baron de Rothschild's French cousins, commissioned Château de Ferrières at Ferrières-en-Brie near Paris to be "Another Mentmore, but twice the size". Both buildings still stand today.
Paxton also designed another country house, a smaller version of Mentmore at Battlesden near Woburn in Bedfordshire. This house was bought by the Duke of Bedford thirty years after its completion, and wantonly demolished, because the Duke wanted no other mansion close to Woburn Abbey.
Between 1835 and 1839, he organised plant-hunting expeditions; one of which ended in tragedy when two gardeners from Chatsworth sent to California drowned.[6]. Tragedy also struck at home when his eldest son died.
Paxton was honoured by being a member of the Kew Commission which was to suggest improvements for Royal Botanic Gardens, and by being considered for the post of Head Gardener at Windsor Castle.
He became affluent, not so much through his Chatsworth employment, but by successful speculation in the railway industry.
In October 1845 he was invited to lay out one of the country's first municipal burial grounds in Coventry. This became the London Road Cemetery. He later became a Liberal Member of Parliament for Coventry from 1854 until his death in 1865.
In June 1855 he presented a scheme he called the Great Victorian Way to the Parliamentary Select Committee on Metropolitan Communications in which he envisioned the construction of an arcade, based on the structure of the Crystal Palace, in a ten mile loop around the centre of London. It would have incorporated a roadway, an atmospheric railway, housing and shops. [7]
In 1831, Paxton published a monthly magazine, The Horticultural Register. This was followed by the Magazine of Botany in 1834, the Pocket Botanical Dictionary in 1840, The Flower Garden in 1850 and the Calendar of Gardening Operations. In addition to these titles he also, in 1841, co-founded perhaps the most famous horticultural periodical, The Gardeners' Chronicle along with John Lindley, Charles Wentworth Dilke and William Bradbury and later became its editor.
He retired from Chatsworth when the Duke died in 1858 but carried on working at various projects such as the Thames Graving Dock, while Sarah remained at their house on the Chatsworth Estate until her death in 1871. He died in 1865.
| Parliament of the United Kingdom | ||
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| Preceded by Edward Ellice Charles Geach |
Member of Parliament for Coventry 1854 – 1865 With: Edward Ellice Morgan Treherne |
Succeeded by Morgan Treherne Henry Eaton |